Introduction

Plants have several mechanisms by which they disperse seeds, including wind, animals, and water. While seed dispersal by wind and animals is widely known, underwater seed dispersal is relatively less explored. In this article, we will understand how plants disperse seeds under water.

Hydrochory

The process of seed dispersal through water is called hydrochory. Some plants that grow in or near water bodies use hydrochory as their primary method of dispersing seeds. When the seeds fall into the water, they float and are carried away by the water currents to other areas of the water body or even to other water bodies. This method of seed dispersal is suitable for plants that grow in areas prone to flooding or in regions with frequent rainfall.

Seed Adaptations

For plants to have successful seed dispersal under water, seeds must have certain adaptations. The seeds of hydrophilic plants are buoyant, which means they can float on the surface of the water or just below it. Some seeds have air pockets or lightweight outer layers, which help them to remain on the surface or just below it, and also help them to absorb oxygen for respiration. Additionally, some seeds have sticky surfaces that help them stick to the feathers or fur of animals that move around in water bodies.

Examples of Underwater Seed Dispersal

Several plant species disperse their seeds underwater. One of the most well-known examples is the water lily. Its seeds are lightweight and are spread by water currents to other locations. Another plant that disperses its seeds underwater is the Java Moss. The tiny seeds of Java Moss cling to the leaves of the plant and are carried away by water, sometimes sticking to the skin of fish or other aquatic animals, and thus traveling to other parts of the water body.

Seed Dispersal by Water-Resistant Fruits

Some plants have fruit that is waterproof, which allows it to float on the surface of water even after fall off the parent plant. The fruit may open or discharge the seeds once they have reached a suitable location, such as a riverbank. For example, the coconut fruit has a waterproof outer shell that allows it to drift in the ocean to distant shorelines. This method of seed dispersal is called oceanic dispersal.

Conclusion

Underwater seed dispersal is an incredible adaptation that allows plants to spread their seeds to areas where the seeds can grow into new plants. Hydrochory, the process of seed dispersal through water, enables plants to thrive in areas that would otherwise be challenging for them to colonize. Adaptations such as buoyant seeds, sticky surfaces, and water-resistant fruits are essential for successful underwater seed dispersal. Seed dispersal through water is an exciting area of study for botanists, and more research is needed to understand and appreciate the diversity of hydrophilic plants and their survival strategies.