Can any plant grow under water?

Water gardening is a popular hobby, and many people love to grow aquatic plants in their outdoor ponds or indoor aquariums. However, not every plant can survive underwater. So, the question is, can any plant grow under water? The answer is both yes and no. Let's find out why.

Adaptations of underwater plants

Plants that grow in water have different adaptations compared to those that grow on land. They can absorb water, nutrients, and gases directly from the water through their leaves, stems, and roots. They also have less rigid cell walls, which allows them to bend and sway with water currents, preventing breakage.

Some aquatic plants, such as water lilies, can also regulate the amount of air in their leaves to control buoyancy. They release oxygen into the water during the day, and take in carbon dioxide at night when they respire. In addition, they produce flowers that bloom above the water surface and fruits that can float and disperse seeds.

Challenges of growing plants underwater

While some plants have adapted to grow in water, not all of them can survive fully submerged. Submergence limits the amount of light, carbon dioxide, and oxygen that plants need for photosynthesis and respiration. If the conditions are unfavorable, plants may rot, decay, or die.

Furthermore, water can be contaminated with pollutants, algae, or pathogens that harm plants. Excessive nutrients from fertilizers or animal waste can cause eutrophication, leading to oxygen depletion and the growth of harmful algae blooms. Invasive species can also crowd out native plants and disrupt the ecosystem.

Lastly, underwater plants may need specific substrates, such as sand, gravel, or clay, to anchor their roots or rhizomes. They may also require adequate water flow, temperature, and pH to thrive. These conditions can be difficult to maintain in a home aquarium or a pond.

Examples of plants that can grow underwater

Despite the challenges, there are many plants that can grow underwater, either partially or fully. Some examples include:

Anubias: a genus of flowering plants from Africa that have thick, hardy leaves and rhizomes that can attach to rocks or wood. They prefer low to moderate light and neutral to slightly alkaline water.

Hornwort: a genus of free-floating or anchored plants that have feathery or bushy stems and tiny leaves. They can tolerate a wide range of temperatures and pH levels and are good at absorbing excess nutrients.

Cryptocoryne: a genus of rosette-forming plants from Asia that have long, narrow leaves and fleshy roots. They can grow in low to moderate light and soft to hard water, but may need iron supplements to maintain their color.

Conclusion

In conclusion, while any plant cannot grow underwater, there are plenty of choices for water gardeners who want to add some greenery to their aquatic habitats. Knowing the adaptations and challenges of underwater plants can help you select the right species and provide the best conditions for their growth. Happy planting!